Atenea

Buscador

Batalla urbana por Mariupol

Descargas

Resumen

La invasión rusa de Ucrania de 2022 se ha caracterizado por la normalización del combate de alta intensidad en núcleos urbano de medio y gran tamaño entre fuerzas similares en tamaño y capacidades. Mariupol ha sido el único caso de la primera etapa de la guerra en la que las fuerzas armadas rusas han conseguido conquistar una ciudad de gran tamaño donde se habían levantado defensas. En todos los otros casos -Kiev, Kharkov, Sumy, Chernihiv y Mylokaiv-, no lo consiguió. Este artículo analiza qué llevó a Moscú a tomar la plaza, qué unidades tomaron parte, cómo se realizó su conquista y cuáles han sido las lecciones extraídas de la misma.

Citas

Ananiev, A.V., Petrenko, S.P. y Chernysh, A.A. (2021). 'Justificación de una nueva forma de conquistar un asentamiento con formaciones de ataque de armas combinadas con apoyo aéreo de un grupo de aviación táctico mixto'. Pensamiento Militar. (Военная мысль), No.10, pp.38-51. https://vm.ric.mil.ru/upload/site178/sstTGCwnQp.pdf

Arnold, T.D. y Fiore, N. (2019). 'Cinco lecciones operacionales de la batalla de Mosul' (Edición Hispanoamericana) 'Five operational lessons form the battle for Mosul', Military Review, Segundo Trimestre, pp. 42-58. https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Edicion-Hispanoamericana/Archivos/Segundo-Trimestre-2019/Cinco-lecciones-operacionales-de-la-batalla-de-Mosul/

Beketova, E. (2023). 'Behind the Lines: Lies, Damned Lies, and Logistics in Ukraine', Center for European Policy Analysis, Washington, https://cepa.org/article/behind-the-lines-lies-damned-lies-and-logistics-in-ukraine/

Burgess, M. (2022). 'The Last Cell Tower in Mariupol', Wired: https://www.wired.com/story/mariupol-ukraine-war/

Brewster, T. (2022). 'The Last Days of Mariupol's Internet', Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2022/03/31/the-last-days-of-mariupols-internet/

Bronk, J. (2022). 'Russia likely has Local Air Superiority in Donbas, but it May not Matter', Royal United Services Institute: https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/russia-likely-has-local-air-superiority-donbas-it-may-not-matter

Calvo Albero, J.L. (2024). 'Lecciones de la guerra en Ucrania. La crisis de la maniobra terrestre', Global Strategy: https://global-strategy.org/lecciones-de-la-guerra-en-ucrania-la-crisis-de-la-maniobra-terrestre/

Case, S., Anders, K., Toler, E. y Higgins, E. (2015). 'The Burning Road to Mariupol: Attacks from Russia during the Novoazovs'k Offensive of August 2014', Bellingcat: https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2015/12/03/the-burning-road-to-mariupol/

Chung, W.J. (2023). War in Ukraine Volume 5. Main Battle Tank of Russia and Ukraine, 2014-2023: Post Soviet Ukrainian MBTs and Combat Experience. Warwick: Helion & Company Limited. Europe at War Series No.36.

Clark, M. y Hird, K. (2023). 'Russian Regular Ground Forces Order of Battle', Institute for the Study of War: https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/October%2012%2C%202023%20Russian%20Orbat_Final.pdf

Clarke, C.P., Courtney, W. y Wilson, P.A. (2022). 'Russia Destroyed Grozny and Aleppo-Is Kyiv Next?', RAND Commentary: https://www.rand.org/pubs/commentary/2022/03/russia-destroyed-grozny-and-aleppo-is-kyiv-next.html

Cooper, T., Crowther, E., Fontanellaz, A. y Sipos, M. (2023). War in Ukraine Volume 2. Russia Invasion, February 2022. Warwick: Helion & Company Limited. Europe at War Series No.28.

Crowther, E. (2022). War in Ukraine Volume 1: Armed Formations of the Donetsk People's Republic, 2014-2022. Warwick: Helion & Company Limited. Europe at War Series No.21.

Czub, S. (2022). 'Russian Approach to Siege Warfare in Practice. Kyiv vs Mariupol', Casimir Pulaski Foundation, Pulaski Policy Paper, No.28: https://pulaski.pl/en/russian-approach-to-siege-warfare-in-practice-kyiv-vs-mariupol/

DiMarco, L. (2022). 'Urban Operations in Ukraine: Size, Ratios, and the Principles of War', Modern War Institute. West Point: https://mwi.westpoint.edu/urban-operations-in-ukraine-size-ratios-and-the-principles-of-war/

Freedman, L. (2022) Command. The Politics of Military Operations from Korea to Ukraine. New York: Oxford University Press.

Fox, A. C. (2021). 'On Sieges', The RUSI Journal, 166(2), pp. 18-28.https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2021.1924077

Fox, A. C. y Watkins, B. (2022). 'A legal review of sieges in modern war', Journal of Military Studies, 11(1), pp. 8-22. https://doi.org/10.2478/jms-2022-0002

Fox, A. C. (2022). 'The Russo-Ukrainian War and the Principles of Urban Operations', Small Wars Journal: https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/russo-ukrainian-war-and-principles-urban-operations

Fox, A.C. (2023). 'Precision Paradox and Myths of Precision Strike in Modern Armed Conflict', The RUSI Journal, 169(1-2), pp. 62-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2024.2343717

Galeotti, M. (2023). Putin Takes Crimea 2014. Grey-zone warfare opens the Russia-Ukraine conflict. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, Raid 59.

Gentile, G., Johnson, D.E. Saum-Manning, L., Cohen, R.S., Williams, S., Lee, C., Shurkin, M., Allen, B., Lovell, S. y Doty III, J.L. (2017). Reimagining the Character of Urban Operations for the U.S. Army: How the Past Can Inform the Present and Future. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1602.html https://doi.org/10.7249/RR1602

Grinberg, A. (2023). 'Glass Cannons from Grozny to Mariupol: What should the U.S. Military learn from Russia's Use of Artillery in Protracted Urban Sieges?', War on the Rocks: https://mwi.westpoint.edu/glass-cannons-from-grozny-to-mariupol-what-should-the-us-military-learn-from-russias-use-of-artillery-in-protracted-urban-sieges/

Hanlon, G. (2023). 'How Long Should Ukrainian Forces Defend Bakhmut? Lessons from Stalingrad', Modern War Institute: https://mwi.westpoint.edu/how-long-should-ukrainian-forces-defend-bakhmut-lessons-from-stalingrad/

Human Rights Watch (2024). Our City Was Gone. Russia's Devastation of Mariupol, Ukraine. United States. ISBN: 979-8-88708-101-4, https://www.hrw.org/feature/russia-ukraine-war-mariupol/report

Jiménez Moyano, F. (2023a). 'La guerra en Ucrania y las batallas en zona urbana', Ejércitos: https://www.revistaejercitos.com/articulos/la-guerra-en-ucrania-y-las-batallas-en-zona-urbana/

Jiménez Moyano, F. (2023b). 'El empleo del carro de combate en la guerra urbana', Ejércitos: https://www.revistaejercitos.com/articulos/el-empleo-del-carro-de-combate-en-la-guerra-urbana/

Milevski, L. (2023). 'The Urban Warfare Debate, the Russian Invasion of Ukraine, and the Bakhmut Conundrum', Wavell Room: https://wavellroom.com/2023/11/03/the-bakhmut-conundrum/

Oliker, O. (2021). Russia's Chechen Wars 1994-2000: Lessons from Urban Combat. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, MR-1289-A. https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1289.html

Phocas, B. y Geroux, J. (2022). 'The School of Street Fighting: Tactical Urban Lessons from Ukraine', Modern War Institute: https://mwi.westpoint.edu/the-school-of-street-fighting-tactical-urban-lessons-from-ukraine/

Román García, J.F. (2021). 'Introducción a la Guerra urbana', Ejércitos: https://www.revistaejercitos.com/articulos/introduccion-a-la-guerra-urbana/

Román García, J.F. (2022). 'Combate urbano en las ciudades ucranianas', Ejércitos: https://www.revistaejercitos.com/articulos/combate-urbano-en-las-ciudades-ucranianas/

Román García, J.F. (2024). 'La operación Interflex y el combate urbano en Ucrania', Ejércitos: https://www.revistaejercitos.com/articulos/la-operacion-interflex-y-el-combate-urbano-en-ucrania/

Simmons, A.M. y Coles, I. (2023). 'Wagner Says 20,000 of Its Troops Have Died Taking Ukraine's Bakhmut', The Wall Street Journal: https://www.wsj.com/articles/wagner-says-20-000-of-its-troops-have-died-taking-ukraines-bakhmut-f6d6ee11

Spencer, J. y Collins, L. (2022). 'Waterworld: How Ukraine Flooded Three Rivers to Help Save Kyiv', Modern War Institute: https://mwi.westpoint.edu/waterworld-how-ukraine-flooded-three-rivers-to-help-save-kyiv/

Spencer, J. y Collins, L. (2023). 'Twelve Months of War in Ukraine Have Revealed Four Fundamental Lessons on Urban Warfare', Modern War Institute: https://mwi.westpoint.edu/twelve-months-of-war-in-ukraine-have-revealed-four-fundamental-lessons-on-urban-warfare/

Spencer, J. y Collins, L. (2024). 'The Untold Story of the Ukrainian Helicopter Rescue Missions During the Mariupol Siege', Time: https://time.com/6694858/ukrainian-helicopter-missions-mariupol-siege/

Van Huis, P. (2015). 'A Reconstruction of Clashes in Mariupol, Ukraine, 9 May 2014', Bellingcat: https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2015/01/28/a-reconstruction-of-clashes-in-mariupol-ukraine-9-may-2014/

Watling, J., Danylyuk, O.V. y Reynolds, N. (2023). Russia's Unconventional Operations During the Russo-Ukrainian War. London: Royal United Services Institute. https://static.rusi.org/202303-SR-Unconventional-Operations-Russo-Ukrainian-War-web-final.pdf.pdf

Watling, J., Danylyuk, O.V. y Reynolds, N. (2024). Preliminary Lessons from Ukraine's Offensive Operations, 2022-23. London: Royal United Services Institute. https://static.rusi.org/lessons-learned-ukraine-offensive-2022-23.pdf